This wasn't the presidency Barack Obama had in mind after winning his historic election five years ago. But it is the one he believes he has left.
For the first time since taking office, Obama spoke to Congress on Tuesday evening from a clear position of confrontation. The areas he identified for possible cooperation with a divided Congress have shrunk, leaving an agenda filled out by a growing number of modest initiatives that he intends to carry out alone.
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President Obama referenced the government shutdown of 2013 and near-breach of the country's debt limit in his State of the Union address.
State of the Union 2014
The biggest takeaway from President Obama's big speech: Congress is so last year.
President Obama sought Tuesday to restore public confidence and trust in his presidency after a dispiriting year.
Tone of speech reflects view that he spent too much time battling lawmakers, not enough using powers.
The official response will come from Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers, but Sens. Paul and Lee will have a say.
President Obama delivered his 2014 State of the Union address on Jan. 28 at the U.S. Capitol.
Among them is an executive order raising the minimum wage paid under future federal contracts. He intends to implement more than a dozen others this year, including initiatives to improve job-training skills, technology in classrooms and fuel-efficiency standards in trucks.
The tone and approach reflect the White House's conclusion that Obama spent too much time last year in conflict with recalcitrant lawmakers, rather than using the unilateral powers in his grasp.
But the strategy risks further antagonizing Congress and resting part of his legacy on executive actions that do not have the permanence, or breadth, of major legislation.
The more executive-style presidency scores high with the public after years of political deadlock in Washington. It also marks a refiguring of Brand Obama, the politician who promised to govern more modestly and cooperatively with the opposition after the polarizing years of the George W. Bush administration.
In his fifth State of the Union address, Obama set that aside.
By declaring his intention to ignore Congress when necessary, as lawmakers looked on, the president framed an election-year debate about which party is more determined to solve the nation's enduring economic problems.
He called his ideas "a set of concrete, practical proposals to speed up growth, strengthen the middle class and build new ladders of opportunity into the middle class."
"Some require congressional action, and I'm eager to work with all of you," he said. "But America does not stand still — and neither will I. So wherever and whenever I can take steps without legislation to expand opportunity for more American families, that's what I'm going to do."
The speech revealed Obama's frustration about his lack of progress in key areas, and the diminishing time left to secure his legacy after a largely lost year.
The "hope and change" he promised in his 2008 campaign has been honed down by years of partisan conflict, replaced by the narrower ambitions on display Tuesday night.
The core of the speech was a series of specific policy prescriptions to address the tenuous condition of the United States' middle class and the disparity in opportunity that economic imbalances have opened. His tone was populist, if not overtly partisan.
"After four years of economic growth, corporate profits and stock prices have rarely been higher, and those at the top have never done better," Obama said. "But average wages have barely budged. Inequality has deepened. Upward mobility has stalled."
The president delivered his first State of the Union address in 2010, at the start of a midterm election year that ended with his party losing the House, a defeat that in many ways has defined the rest of his presidency. He called the loss a "shellacking," and Congress has remained divided ever since.
As he addressed the nation four years ago, the health-care legislation he championed remained uncertain in Congress and the focus of angry debate nationwide. He called on lawmakers "to overcome the numbing weight of our politics."
"It's time the American people get a government that matches their decency," Obama said, adding that he intended to use his State of the Union speech that year "to talk about how together we can deliver on that promise."
Obama began 2012 with a rebuke to Congress, adopting the slogan "We can't wait" to announce a smaller set of executive actions on the economy, immigration and other issues.
But the slogan then was as much about campaigning as governing, and White House officials said it was designed to pressure Congress to act rather than a turning away. His message Tuesday pointed more clearly toward a new way of navigating Washington.
Obama has shifted tactics several times over the years to pursue legislation, sometimes to the frustration of his own party. Those differences have arisen most prominently when he negotiated fiscal issues with ideologically divided Republicans.
Congressional Democrats have at times demanded more support from Obama — or, at least, a better sense of policy priorities and tactics.
Now, though, with the House up for grabs in the November midterm election and the narrowly divided Senate also in play, the political interests of Obama and his party coincide more neatly than they have in years.
By using executive action to address climate change, economic issues such as the minimum wage, and others important to the Democratic base and to independent voters, Obama will seek throughout the year to contrast his approach with Republican inaction in Congress, already a problem for the party.
The strategy could help Democrats — who are a long-shot to take the House and in jeopardy of losing the Senate — in November. But in some of the conservative states where Democrats need to do well in the election, the perception of a presidential end run around Congress could do more harm than good to the party's candidates.
From the White House's point of view, the pressure Obama will be able to apply to congressional Republicans through executive actions may pay off in legislative progress. Fearing an obstructionist label, Republicans may decide it is better to act in concert with the president on some select issues, including immigration and infrastructure spending, than not to act at all.
Obama always has preferred passing legislation to going around Congress, whether to secure new restrictions on gun purchases or new rules to address pollution. But the path has been increasingly narrow since his first State of the Union address, and his advisers have concluded that he has suffered politically by measuring too much of his success as president by his legislative record.
Some angry moments have occurred between Obama and lawmakers, most memorably during his address on health care in 2009. From the audience, Rep. Joe Wilson (S.C.) shouted, "You lie!" when Obama said his health-care proposals would not insure illegal immigrants.
With his insistence Tuesday night that he will sidestep Congress if necessary, Obama placed himself against the institution, not just his most ardent Republican opponents.
It is, in one clear way, safe political ground: Only 16 percent of Americans approve of the way Congress is handling its job, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll published this week.
Obama's join-or-be-left-behind threat, though, could discourage the few moderate Republicans in Congress from working with the administration over the course of a campaign year.
The consequence could be a legislative record even slimmer than last year's, when he managed to secure only a small fraction of his State of the Union initiatives. And after this one he has only two such speeches left, played out against the backdrop of waning public attention to his presidency.
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